Saturday, 29 February 2020

Infection













The near pandemic (or soon to be pandemic) of the Coronavirus prompted this poem:

Infection

Invisible, through the air it flies
And spreads to one after another
Suddenly the first individual dies
A father, mother, sister, brother

Across the earth, a strange blight
And in its wake, a dawning fear
A cloudless sky, a canopy of night
And it is coming, ever so near

Pandemic: Darwin’s game of chance
Who will be fittest? And who survives?
This is the time of death’s own dance
The Masque of the Covid Death arrives

I called many, from peasant to prince
Both here and now, and ages since

Friday, 28 February 2020

St Ouen's Church Guide by Dennis Guerney - Part 1















This guide book to St Ouen's church was produced in the 1980s by the Rector Denis Gurney (Rector 1977-1984). A later guide book was produced by John Wileman. At present there is no guide book available within the church.

WELCOME TO ST. OUEN'S PARISH CHURCH

You are standing on a spot where worship has been offered to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ for many centuries. We cannot show you any evidence of Saxon architecture here today, but it is more than likely that Christian worship started here in a simple chapel during the sixth century.

We are conscious of our links with the past, the great heritage that is ours, and in these years at the end of the twentieth century we are seeking to exercise our responsibilities and stewardship of this church building.

During this year we expect to complete the interior restoration of the church building which was begun in 1971 with the renovation of the east end of the north aisle to make the Epiphany Chapel.

During the period from 1977 the Open Fellowship area has been created inside the south door and this is used regularly week by week for junior Church; the weekly Prayer Fellowship, and other informal occasions for study and fellowship. At the same time the Chancel, and the north and south aisles have been restored. The Vestry has been made secure and facilities have been installed to heat water and wash up.

The true Church of God is one composed of living stones with Jesus Christ the head corner stone, and it is to Him that I would commend your thoughts as you visit this beautiful and historic Church of St. Ouen, Jersey. "Be persistent in prayer, and keep alert as you pray, giving thanks to God. At the same time pray also for us, so that God will give us a good opportunity to preach his message about the secret of Christ." Colossians.4:2.

I would take the opportunity to extend a warm invitation to you to join us at any of our regular services for worship.

Dennis Gurney,
Rector.

Easter 1981.


















THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. OUEN


The Church is dedicated to St. Ouen. St. Ouen was born in 609 A.D. at Saucy, near Soissons. Before he was elected Bishop of Rouen in 639 he had been Chancellor to Dagobert I and had founded the Abbey of Rebais in the Diocese of Meaux. He wrote a biography of his friend St. Eloi, who had been consecrated Bishop of Noyen on the same day as St. Ouen was consecrated Bishop of Rouen. St. Ouen died 683 at Clichy, near Paris, and when his body was taken to Rouen, the Abbey containing his tomb became known as St. Ouen.

In ancient times the patronage of St. Ouen's Church belonged to the Manor, but sometime after 1125 it was presented together with the Church of St. Germain de Carteret in Normandy to the Abbey of St. Michel. Richard, Bishop of Coutances records acceptance in a Charter of 1156 from Philip de Carteret, who was the son of Regnault de Carteret, who had returned from the Holy Land in 1125.

At this early date the building was a small Chapel. It is believed that it had massive walls, lighted only by narrow splayed slits along the sides, and a large window in the eastern gable, beneath which stood the altar, on a dark floor of beaten earth, raised slightly above the general level. The doorway was at the west end. The building has been added to, extended, and restored over the centuries to become our Parish Church as we see it today.

The Nave was added early in the thirteenth century, as also was the north chancel aisle. Recessed Norman arches communicate between the two, resting on massive, octagonal, dressed granite pillars.

Later in the thirteenth century the south chancel aisle was added, together with the tower. Pointed arches between chancel and aisles, and pillars chisel worked, mark the change in style from Romanesque to Early English. This was the second extension to the building.

It was not until the fifteenth century that any further enlargement took place, when the North and South Nave aisles replaced the transepts.

A major restoration took place between the years 1860-90 under the Reverend George Clement, Canon of Winchester, when the chancel was extended and a new East window, presented by Colonel Malet de Carteret was installed.  New pews were installed and the Pews designated to the Manor of St. Ouen and bear the De Carteret Arms.  The cost of this restoration amounted to £5,000.

The general view of the Nave and Chancel illustrates the massive pillars of exceptional strength, which are a feature of the building. The original roof was probably of wood or thatch, and when this was replaced with a barrel vault of stone, extra support was necessary.

The stone staircase, unique in the Channel Islands, was built to provide access to the belfry. A heavy peal of bells were installed in the thirteenth century, but these bells were later seized and sold by Sir Hugh Paulett and the other Commissioners appointed by Edward VI in 1550 to sell church property. A single bell now remains, being the fourth since 1812, when the then single bell was found to be cracked; a similar fate was suffered by the second bell and in 1844 a third bell was cast. This bell was recast in 1971 and rehung for ringing at Christmas.

Parishioners maintain the ancient custom of continuous ringing of the bell from noon on Christmas Eve and throughout Christmas Day, with breaks only for the services.

The Channel Islands were transferred to the Diocese of Winchester in 1568, but it was not until 1823 that a Bishop of Winchester first visited Jersey. The first confirmation in Jersey by a Bishop of the Church of England was administered by Dr. Fisher, Bishop of Salisbury, in 1818.



Saturday, 22 February 2020

Taken at the Flood












The terrible flooding brought by storms this February has prompted this poem about the disaster which overtook people as rivers burst their banks.

Taken at the Flood

No still waters here, but raging flow
Rivers rise up and break their bank
Beneath the waters, meadows sank
A time of disaster, time of woe

Rescuers in boat, along they row
The homes the river did outflank
No still waters here, but raging flow
Rivers rise up and break their bank

The rising waters grow and grow
So deep and muddy, dark and dank
Lost so far below, the riverbank
And time to leave, and time to go
No still waters here, but raging flow

Friday, 21 February 2020

Victoria College at Bedford: Island News in the Second World War - Part 6


















Victoria College at Bedford: Island News in the Second World War

A number of boys had left Jersey in 1940 with the families in the evacuation to the UK. In September 1940, about 40 boys with Mr. Grummitt, Mr. Hopewell and Miss Aubrey were accommodated at Bedford School. Shortly afterwards Mr. Grummitt left on his appointment as Principal of Belfast Royal Academical Institution, and Mr. S. M. Toyne consented to act as Headmaster of 'Victoria College at Bedford. Mr. Toyne had been for 20 years Headmaster of S. Peter's School, York, before coming to Bedford to give part-time help. Victoria College owes a great deal to him for the tremendous work which he did during the next five years.

The Victorians at Bedford took a full part in the activities of their foster-parent school and brought honour to themselves and to Bedford in both work and games, but they never lost their identity as Victorians. As an expression of their gratitude they and other friends of Victoria College presented an Oak Panel, and an oak seat which now stands in the Bedford School playing-fields

As part of their distinct identity as Victorians at Bedford, a newsletter was produced, containing both news gleaned of Victoria College in Jersey, and also of the plight of the Islanders in general.

In the next few weeks, I am posting some extracts from those newsletters:

OBITUARY.

Robert Ranulph Marett.

Robert Ranulph Marett (1812) was at College from 1881 to 1884. At School he gained the Classical Gold Medal. His honours at Oxford included a First both in Modera-tions and Lit. Hum., Chancellor's Prize for Latin Verse, Honourable mention for the Hertford, prox. acc. for Chancellor's English Essay, Green Prize for Philosophy, Fellow-ship at Exeter, D.Sc. He died suddenly at Oxford on February 18th, 1943. We are per-mitted to reproduce C. T. Le Quesne's tribute, read to a meeting of the Jersey Society :—We have heard with the deepest regret of the death on 18th February last of one of our Vice-Presidents, Dr. R. R. Marett, Rector of Exeter College, Oxford.

These few inadequate words of tribute to his memory are spoken by one who was one of his pupils at Oxford and had the good fortune to be on terms of friendship with him for more than thirty years. Someone wrote to me about him and said " His death came to me almost like the passing of an apparently ageless institution," and I with sorrow can say the same.

Dr. Marett was the son of Sir Robert Marett, one of the greatest of all the bailiffs of Jersey. He was born in 1866 and lost his father when he was only 18 years of age. In the same year (1884) he won one of the most coveted of all the awards which are open to a schoolboy going to the university and was elected to a senior exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford. He distinguished himself greatly as an undergraduate and in 1890 he was elected to a Fellowship at Exeter College. He spent the rest of his life in the service of that College, becoming Rector in 1928 and fulfilling the duties of that office to the great advantage of the College until his death in 1943. He was tutor in philosophy but his intellectual activities were not confined to that subject.

Soon after taking his degree he became interested in the science of anthropology, which was then attracting to itself the attention of scholars in various countries. He was more responsible than anyone else for the establishment of the School of Anthropology at Oxford. He wrote books on the subject, and many of you are probably acquainted with his book in the Home University Library entitled el nthropoingy, which has run into many editions and been translated into many languages. The ease and the „Alarm with which it is written may conceal from some readers the industry and erudition upon which it is based. His name will always be associated with anthropological studies, particularly in relation to religion in its early developments amongst primitive peoples. He was an admirable lecturer on philosophical, anthropological and other subjects, full of humour, vigour and humanity. Celebrated Universities honoured him by inviting him to lecture before them. His lectures on the great Greek philosopher Plato were famous at Oxford. I can still see him delivering them (would that I were still listening to them I) in a fine old college hall crowded with students, standing erect at a tall desk (he was a fine figure of a man), manifestly keen on his sub-ject, enjoying the delivery of the lecture as much as his audience enjoyed listening to it.

An admirable picture of him as a man and a scholar is contained in his own account of his life entitled A Jerseyman at Oxford, which was published in 1941. In 1940 his elder son, a naval officer, was lost in the naval fighting off the Norwegian coast, and his home at La Haule in Jersey fell under the control and perhaps passed into the possession of the enemy. He did not sink into despair, but wrote the history of his life as he tells us, '` simply in order to keep various black devils at a distance," and so produced an autobiography which will never cease to interest those who knew him or who love Jersey or Oxford. Its title is significant.

He was a Jerseyman through and through. He was Seigneur du Franc Fief en St. Brelade and of all the honourable titles which belonged to him there was none of which he was more proud. Nothing ever impaired his devotion to his native island. He could have used with complete honesty the often quoted words of Victor Hugo, " Savez-vous ce que j'aime jersey ? j'airne tout."

He lived on a wider stage than Jersey could have given him, but he wrote these words about himself in his autobiography (p. 317) : " I should have been perfectly satisfied if I could have occupied some position of trust in the Island," and none of us who knew him can have any doubt that the words are absolutely true. It was appropriate that his life work should have been done as a Fellow of Exeter College, which amongst all Oxford Colleges has a peculiarly close and long-established connection with Jersey.

There can have been no one to whom the temporary separation from Jersey which this war has forced upon us was more painful. He was one of the most active and enthusiastic members of the Societe Jersiaise, and had held the office of President. He was a great authority on the antiquities of all the Channel Islands and did much to promote the study and the knowledge of them.

He took a leading part in the exploration of the now world-famous Cotte de St. Brelade, the cave in the cliff on the eastern side of St. Brelade's Bay, which belonged to his old friend, Mr. Guy de Gruchy, Seigneur de Noirmont. He laboured with pick and shovel in the excavations, and took his share, and more than his share, of the toil and the risk.

None who worked with him there will forget the scramble down to the site, the perspiring labours in the scorching sun above that lovely bay, his delight in dislodging some immense boulder which would go crashing down to the beach, and the unending flow of conversation. From the discoveries in that cave there was derived a new chapter in the prehistoric annals of the island.

His kindness to undergraduates going up to Exeter College from the Channel Islands can be appreciated fully only by those who have benefited by it, and has been a support and an encouragement to many a lad, who was feeling a little lost, home-sick, and bewildered. I have as much cause as anyone to remember it with thankfulness. He delighted in conversation and was ready and brilliant in it, prepared to meet all comers and full- of marvellous stories. His carriage and his movements all betokened great energy. He was a man of indomitable spirit, and Lord Portsea in writing about him to the Times rightly applied to him the well-known words of Emily Bronte : " No coward soul is mine, No trembler in the world's storm-troubled sphere."

He had achieved much but he was entirely free of any pride, which would have set up any barrier between him and his fellow men. He never lost the common touch, and his magnificent vitality and youthful spirit enabled him to understand and to command the confidence and the friendship of young men to the very end of his life. He was the staunchest of friends, and I speak for all who enjoyed the privilege of his friendship, when I say that they will always remember him with affectionate gratitude.

Cyril Thompson Elliott.

Cyril Thompson Elliott (2468) died on January 3rd, 1943, at his home in Johannes-burg. He entered in 1894 and left in 1897, and in his last year captained the Cricket XI, when Victoria College defeated Elizabeth College by an innings in both matches. Becoming a schoolmaster, he migrated to South Africa and joined the staff of St. John's College, Johannesburg. He was for many years Secretary of the Transvaal Golf Club, and in 1921 won the Open Championship of the Transvaal. In the Great War he served as a subaltern in the East African Force. He leaves a widow, a son and two daughters.

Frederick William Mackenzie Skues.

Mackenzie Skues (1674) was at College from 1878 to 1884. He served with the South Rhodesian Volunteers in the South African War. He became a Lecturer and Instructor in Surveying at the Crystal Palace Engineer-ing School, and a Member of the Council of the Society of Engineers. He died on May 27th, 1940, at his home in South Croydon.

O.V.'s Here, There and Everywhere

I'm a bit too old for any regular war work, and it has gradually become clear that my job in this war is to collect, co-ordinate, and distribute news of all kinds from Jersey, from Germany, from and concerning O.V.'s of all generations, wheresoever they may be, I receive a great number of most enjoyable letters, and write considerably more.

The late Jurat Payn, who had a gift of caustic utterance, once remarked at a Governors' Meeting, " A good deal of correspondence seems to emanate from that quarter."

"Well, anyhow," as A. P. Herbert says, " the News Letter seems to have its mission."

It goes to between six and seven hundred O.V.'s, and, the stone having been dropped into the pond, the circle widens steadily. To a man fighting grimly in the desert, or watching in loneliness on a vital frontier, or cheerfully sticking every kind of hardship on inhospitable seas, hunger-ing always for scraps of news from home, its coming is welcome. I forbear to quote from letters of appreciation, but they verge on the enthusiastic. War is a powerful harmonising and unifying agency. Consider what it has done and is doing throughout the world.

And in the tiny O.V. sphere it is doing more than anything else could have done in renewing thoughts of and devotion to the old school. I, at any rate, have been provided with an absorbing and delightful occupation, which is not without its usefulness.

Addresses wanted. —My address list is steadily deteriorating. O.V.'s serving leave one station for another, or go overseas, and forget to send me a new address.

AND EVERYWHERE 

Rooms can't spare much time for forwarding. Enemy raiding, too, causes changes and the News Letter arrives at an unoccupied house. I shall be grateful for information as to any of the following :

H. N. Adair, H. B. Andreae, A. J. Anido, G. S. Le C. Balleine, S. N. Benest, C. A. Buxton (Malaya), C. S. Butterworth, R. H. Carter, G. H. J. Chapman, R. R. St. V. de Visme, E. W. P. Fulcher (late of Singa-pore), J. W. L. de G. Harris, C. P. Harley, R. C. M. Hodge, C. G. Holmes, C. P. Hunt, H. F. Hunt, F. H. Hutton (R.A.F.), W. R. Kidd, A. W. Le Bas, A. D. C. Le Sueur, H. H. Livesey, W. McGrath, J. B. Mackintosh, A. H. V. Muirhead, C. G. Pallot (R.A.F.), E. Le G. Partridge (Malaya), P. M. Pearce, H. Perree, J. M. Phillipson, H. R. Plvmen, D. W. Reynolds (South Africa), H. G. Rice, D. A. Rochfort-Luke, G. F. Roads, A. L. Sayer, A. F. A. Stamberg, W. P. J. Thomson (R.A.F.), V. H. Valpy.

Thanks to the generosity of O.V.'s and others, finance continues satisfactory. In addition to meeting the considerable cost of printing, stationery and postage, I have been able to send 4:10 to each of the following : The Clifton College Bricknell Fund, the Channel Islands Refugees Committee, the Jersey Society, on whose funds these much valued reunions are a heavy drain, and Mr. G. Vibert, whose hostel, " Ma Cabine," in Gideon Road. Battersea, gives welcome accommodation to hundreds of serving Channel Islanders passing through London. Contributors since the last issue : Rev D. C. Bailhache, R. B. Baseley, 0. D. Bennett, J. Bevis G. R. F. Bur Chichester, E Crill, Mrs. C G. E. de la Rev. A. Erea R. J. Guppy, R. H. Le Mas Rossignol, Mrs. Malet d dell, Mrs. II J. C. Normar Parlett, L. Barbara Piro Mrs. Rivet t D. S. Simps Stevens, H. Mrs. Doreen Vincent, L. Haffenden.

Wednesday, 19 February 2020

The Bishops on Marriage: A Statement Lacking Historical Understanding

“Civil Partnerships – for same sex and opposite sex couples. A pastoral statement from the House of Bishops of the Church of England”, which reads more like a doctrinal statement that a pastoral one. It says:

"Sexual relationships outside heterosexual marriage are regarded as falling short of God’s purposes for human beings."

They are trying to get to grips with the notion of Civil Partnerships which is outside the legal definition of marriage as it now stands - and they are assuming some kind of permanence to the idea of marriage. But while the word marriage has a long history, it is a variable one.

Some Historical Aspects of Marriage

Civil Marriage, as opposed to religious forms of marriage, is a relatively modern institution. The Marriage Act 1753, full title "An Act for the Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage", popularly known as Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act (citation 26 Geo. II. c. 33), was the first statutory legislation in England and Wales to require a formal ceremony of marriage, and outlawed less formal but still legal forms of marriage under customary law. And that is only 267 years old.

When we read a statement as "Marriage, defined as a faithful, committed, permanent and legally sanctioned relationship between a man and a woman making a public commitment to each other, is central to the stability and health of human society.", we should note that this suggests that the situation was always as it is now, but "legally sanctioned" has changed in meaning since 1753.

Voluntary marriage?

Recently, forced marriages have been outlawed in the UK. But - as this change notes - other cultures and ages (e.g. in particular the Middle Ages) know of the "arranged marriage", where parental consent and agreement is all that is required. The idea that love is required was also largely unknown for much of history.

Age of marriage has also differed. One example (and I could cite many) will suffice. John McLaughlin in his paper on "Medieval Child Marriage" notes that:

"In 1396, Richard II of England was joined in marriage to young Isabel of France, who had been 7 years old when their engagement was announced the previous year in Paris. Not only was there no uproar; there was considerable happiness expressed over the assumed probability that this marriage would end the Hundred Years War then in one of its periodic states of truce between the two kingdoms. Peace was to be ensured by joining together this man and this little girl in marriage."

Wiki notes that:

The first recorded age-of-consent law dates back 800 years. In 1275, in England, as part of the rape law, a statute, Westminster 1, made it a misdemeanour to "ravish" a "maiden within age," whether with or without her consent. The phrase "within age" was interpreted by jurist Sir Edward Coke as meaning the age of marriage, which at the time was 12 years of age.

Sir Edward Coke (England, 17th century) made it clear that "the marriage of girls under 12 was normal, and the age at which a girl who was a wife was eligible for a dower from her husband's estate was 9 even though her husband be only four years old."

I'm certainly not advocating a return to these situations in any shape or form, but I highlight them to point out that the idea of marriage in the past could be very different to what we find today, and indeed the marriages acceptable to our ancestors might well be ones we would find abhorrent.

Monogamous

Why should the number two be involved? Other cultures and times know of polygamous marriages, and polyandry, while rarer, is not unknown. The Old Testament itself bares witness to polygamy, notably from the time of the patriarchs .

Abraham, the great founding father of the Israelites, had three wives, Sarah and her servant Hagar (see Genesis 16 v 3), and Keturah, as well as a number of concubines (Genesis 25 v 6). Esau had three wives - Judith, Bashemath (Genesis 26 v 34) and Mahalath (Genesis 28 v 9). Jacob, father of the twelve tribes of Israel had Rachel and Leah, who were sisters, as his wives, see Genesis 29, and their servants Bilhah and Zilpah in Genesis 30. ) The Mormons are well known for basing their early marriage customs on these practices, citing the Old Testament as being in favour. Certainly, the idea that polygamy was wrong does not enter the heads of these Biblical writers.

It should be noted that of 1170 societies recorded in Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas, polygyny (some men having more than one wife) is prevalent in 850. Indeed, current figures suggest that polygynous societies are about four times more numerous than monogamous ones. These were committed relationships, legally sanctioned by the laws of their day, each one between a man and a woman.

Legality

The definition of marriage was legally changed in the UK following Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act of 1753, in which the State had to approve a marriage for it to be valid - from 1754 onwards a marriage, in order to be recognized as legal, had to be carried out in a very specific, circumscribed manner, ending a period during which "irregular" or clandestine marriages proliferated. As legal historian Leah Leneman notes on the situation prior to this:

"The only thing necessary for a legal marriage was the free consent of both parties, as long as they were of age (twelve for girls, fourteen for boys), were not within the forbidden degrees of kinship, and were free of any other marriage. A marriage could be established by 'verba de praesenti', that is, the statement of consent by both parties, or by 'verba de futuro', a promise of marriage in the future, followed by sexual intercourse. Because such things happened in private, various types of evidence came to be accepted in disputed marriage cases, such as letters in which the man wrote, or referred, to the woman as his wife, "habit and repute" (that is, the couple cohabited and were considered by their neighbours and relations to be husband and wife), and so forth"

"A "regular" marriage was one for which the banns were publicly proclaimed and which was carried out in the parish church, but an "irregular" marriage was as legally binding. This was true in both England and Scotland before 1754, and in both countries the eighteenth century saw a marked rise in such marriages. Although a minister was not requisite, most couples preferred to have some kind of ceremony and "certificate," so there emerged "celebrators" of irregular marriage who made a living out of this trade."

"The "irregularity" lay in the ceremony, not in the status of the couple once married, and there was no stigma attached to being married irregularly rather than regularly. The difficulty arose when one party claimed to be married and the other denied this."

It was against this background, and the problem over decided who was married, that Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act outlawed "irregular" marriages. As Leah Leneman explains:

"Under Hardwicke's Act, from 1754 onwards only marriages for which the banns had been proclaimed and which took place in a parish church, unless under special license, were legal, although marriages conducted under Scottish law were also recognized in England (hence the enormous popularity of Gretna Green)."

"The Scottish legal system did not draw the same conclusions as the English from the Cochran/Campbell case and continued to allow mutual consent to be the one thing necessary to constitute a legal marriage, retaining the flexibility to decide disputed cases on their own merits. "

This is worth noting when the Bishops claim to be doing no more that stating the position in the Book of Common Prayer. Cramner would have accepted irregular marriages as part of the framework of his day.

Conclusion

The idea that marriage is somehow the same thing today as in the past is simply not true. The definition of marriage has altered over time, when we look at consent, age of marriage, and number of wives, and also the legal definition of Lord Hardwicke's Act is relatively recent in origin. The word may have remained - but the substance has changed considerably.

There was a time when a monarch was thought to have to be male, when the next in line for succession had to be male, and when the definition of monarchy went hand in hand with ideas about the divine rights of Kings. We still call the Queen the "monarch", but the monarch in a constitutional democracy differs hugely from, for instance, the more absolutist monarchy of Henry VIII! The word remains, but the substance has change, and much the same has happened with the word "marriage".

The Bishop's statement works very well if you assume, as they evidently do, that marriage has been fixed and unchanging throughout history. But when you look at the history, you see that marriage has been redefined continuously over the centuries. 

Monday, 17 February 2020

Tree Planting: The Hidden Pitfalls



Counting the right statistics

There’s a lot about planting trees to save the planet, and capure C02, but an interesting article in “The Verge” by Justine Calma suggests matters are not as simple as you might think.

She notes that “tree planting projects can be attractive because of how easy it is to quantify how much good you’re doing by simply counting the number of trees you stick in the ground”. But – and there’s always a but – she adds this caveat: “the more important tally might be how many of those trees actually live into old age.”

Trees need to be well maintained

Eike Lüdeling, department head of horticultural sciences at the University of Bonn has this to say: “It turns out that many of these seedlings, if you don’t do this well or if people do it who don’t really care about those trees, then they all just die quickly. Sometimes it’s probably a better idea to plant fewer trees and really take care of them.”

As Justine Calma points out:

“Long-term survival is key for trees because for them to be able to offset the greenhouse gas emissions humans generate, they need to live for at least 100 years — roughly the amount of time that the carbon they capture would have stuck around in the atmosphere.”

Now that care and maintenance means someone has to take care of them, especially in the early days, either a volunteer force, who are in it for the long haul, or a paid workforce, again ensuring continuity. As Mary Ellen points out on the Gardening Know How Blog::

“Maintenance is a must with trees. Sure, your other plants need to be maintained too, but not on the scale of a tree. Trees must be pruned and trimmed regularly; they drop leaves that you have to deal with every single fall, and trees may also make a big mess in the spring and summer with seeds and fruits that you’ll have to clean up.”

Location Matters

And Joseph Veldman, assistant professor at Texas A&M University, points out another pitfall:

“Few people realize that planting trees in the wrong places can actually damage ecosystems, increase wildfire intensity and exacerbate global warming.”

This is because some areas can be rich in biodiversity but low on trees, and not understanding that ecosystem before planting trees will disrupt and may damage or destroy it.

But for more urban spaces or close to buildings, there are other issues. As Mary Ellen points out on the Gardening Know How Blog::

“They’ll wreak havoc above and below ground. If you don’t have the right space for a tree that will grow from tiny to massive, that tree can cause a lot of damage. Under the ground, its roots can hit and break water lines and pipes, while up in the air the branches need to be trimmed or they may take down power lines.”

And in conclusion...

This is not to decry planting trees. As well as taking carbon out from the atmosphere, they can reduce noise pollution, reduce air temperature by blocking sunlight, reduce pollution, improve air quality and provide shelter. There’s a lot going for trees, but they grow slowly, and their effects may take decades to show. They are not a quick fix.

Probably the best conclusion comes from Mary Ellen:

“While planting the wrong tree in the wrong place can result in serious problems, planting the right tree is the right place is always a good idea.”


References:
https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/25/20932700/youtubers-climate-change-team-trees
https://blog.gardeningknowhow.com/gardening-pros-cons/pros-and-cons-of-planting-trees/

Saturday, 15 February 2020

In Peril on the Sea












The recent storms battering the Island inspired this nautical poem.

In Peril on the Sea

Ships founder, and who can save
Storm tossed, with such a restless wave
They slowly sink to ocean deep
Into dark waters, there to keep
Of ships that once left harbour quay
And found their peril on the sea

The drowned souls lost, their cry is heard
Without a breath, they still sound word
From darkest depths of ocean deep
Those restless souls who never sleep
Of ships that once left harbour quay
And found their peril on the sea

And looking out from hill or plain
From Singapore to Spanish Main
The ghost ship rises from below
And comes at night, by daylight go
The Flying Dutchmen, wheel in hand
As shadows fall upon the sand

St Elmo’s fire, by lightning sent
When blazing in the firmament.
And storm is raging with all might
Save all who dare the seagull's flight.
Crows nest high with watchful care
For every peril in the air

The gale is raging, with such power
And at its height, the danger hour.
From rock and tempest, high and low
The coming storm lets fury go
Then drop the anchor, in the quay
Till calm returns to land and sea

Friday, 14 February 2020

Victoria College at Bedford: Island News in the Second World War - Part 5











Victoria College at Bedford: Island News in the Second World War

A number of boys had left Jersey in 1940 with the families in the evacuation to the UK. In September 1940, about 40 boys with Mr. Grummitt, Mr. Hopewell and Miss Aubrey were accommodated at Bedford School. Shortly afterwards Mr. Grummitt left on his appointment as Principal of Belfast Royal Academical Institution, and Mr. S. M. Toyne consented to act as Headmaster of 'Victoria College at Bedford. Mr. Toyne had been for 20 years Headmaster of S. Peter's School, York, before coming to Bedford to give part-time help. Victoria College owes a great deal to him for the tremendous work which he did during the next five years.

The Victorians at Bedford took a full part in the activities of their foster-parent school and brought honour to themselves and to Bedford in both work and games, but they never lost their identity as Victorians. As an expression of their gratitude they and other friends of Victoria College presented an Oak Panel, and an oak seat which now stands in the Bedford School playing-fields

As part of their distinct identity as Victorians at Bedford, a newsletter was produced, containing both news gleaned of Victoria College in Jersey, and also of the plight of the Islanders in general.

In the next few weeks, I am posting some extracts from those newsletters:

CHANNEL ISLANDS BOOK COMMITTEE
An Appeal

Our friends now living in Jersey and Guernsey will particularly need information concerning the true record of events since the disasters of 1940 and will ardently desire to know about the many changes and advances in the free world. A representative collection of English books, reviews, periodicals, etc., published during the past three years, and of those published from now onwards, should therefore be available as soon as possible after liberation.

But only a limited number of copies has been and is being printed, and many books will not be available at the moment the Islands become free unless steps are taken now to build up a supply for each Island. Thanks to a meeting called by The Jersey Society in London, a Channel Islands Book Committee has now been established with the object of collecting and buying the more important books, etc., for despatch at the earliest possible moment to the Jersey Public Library and to the Guille-Alles Library in Guernsey. The possible future needs of Alderney will not be overlooked.

The Committee is as follows : Jersey.—C. T. Le Quesne, Esq., K.C. (Vice-Chairman) ; Dr. A. E. Mourant , B.M., B.Ch., M.A., D.Phil. ; P. M. de Veulle, Esq. Mrs. Phyllis Green Joint Hon. Secretary, 4, Wellington Street, Littleport, Cambs. Guernsey.—Professor H. J. Fleure, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S. ; J. P. Warren, Esq., B.Sc..

A. H. W.

BOOK COMMITTEE F.R.G.s. The Rev. George Whitley. Mks Mabel Carey, Joint Hon. Secretary, 15, Markham Square, Chelsea, London, S.W.3. Joint Hon. Treasurers to the Committee.—H. Arthur, Esq. ( Jersey Savings Bank). L. R. Cohen, Esq. (Guernsey Savings Bank) Both c/o London Savings Bank, 11 12, Blomfield Street, London, E.C.2.

A panel of experts is being constituted to advise in the selection of books. The Committee will welcome advice and invites the co-operation of Channel Islanders in this country and of others interested in the Islands. Details (title, author, publisher, published price, condition, etc.) of books, etc., offered as gifts for inclusion in the Committee's collection, should be sent to Mrs. Phyllis Green, Joint Hon. Secretary, 4, Wellington Street, Littleport, Cambs. 

If acquisition is approved by the Committee, owners will be asked to hold the books, etc., at the disposal of the Committee until definite forwarding instructions can be given. The number of new books which the Committee will be able to buy largely depends upon the funds available, and the Committee asks, therefore, for generous financial sup-port. Will all who can make a money contribution please send it to the Joint Hon. Treasurers, c/o London Savings Bank, 11/12, Blomfield Street, London, E.C.2. H. J. FLEURE, Chairman. C. T. Le OUESNE, Vice-Chairman

THE ROLL OF HONOUR

John Henry Vine Hall.

Hall was at College House for two or three terms in 1921 before going on to Clifton. He was serving as a Major in the Parachute Regiment when he was killed in action in North Africa in March this year. In civil life he was a solicitor in the City.

Donald James Le Masurier.

D. J. was the youngest of the four Le Masurier brothers of Jambart, Pontac. He was a Corporal in the Marine Section of the R.A.F. when he lost his life through enemy action in February of this year. His craft was returning from the search for a pilot who had baled out in mid-channel, when they were unfortunate to be hit.

Aubrey Mortimer.

Aubrey Mortimer was at College from 1934 to 1940. He came to England with his people on the enemy occupation of Jersey, and while serving in the Home Guard at Reigate was their best shot. Joining the R.A.F., he was trained as a night fighter in England and then in Canada. After getting his wings he became a Pilot Officer, and having got a very high percentage in all his tests was put on to instructing. It amused him that in his first batch of pupils was D. V. Clift, who had been a School Prefect while his instructor was a Fourth Form boy. He was killed in a flying accident in January, 1943, in his twentieth year. A charming character, affectionately remembered.

Anthony Hollis Pontius.

Tony Pontius entered College in 1925 and left in 1931. He was trained for two or three years in the Westminster Bank, in Jersey and London, and then went out to an appoint-ment with the British-American Tobacco Company at Mukden, Manchuria. He and his brother came home together early in the war and joined the R.A.F., both becoming Pilot Officers in due course. Tony was reported missing on active service in the Middle East in September, 1942, and has now been officially presumed killed. He was in his twenty-eighth year.

Henry Durell Starck.

Henry Starck was at College from 1923 to 1929. From School he went to Halton as an Aircraft Apprentice. He was killed very early in the war. Owing to the enemy occupation of Jersey no details are available.

Maurice Frank Taylor. 

The second of three brothers, of whom a note will be found in A etas Letter No. 5, Maurice was at College from 1922 to 1924. After leaving he studied music and was for several years Music Master at Twyford School, Winchester. Joining the R.A.F., he became a Flight-Lieutenant and was stationed for some time in the Shetlands and later in West Africa, where, in February of this year, he was reported " missing, believed killed."' (In my notice, in No. 5, of his elder brother

Saturday, 8 February 2020

Fractured World




















Fractured World

We are a broken people, wounded, lost
Sometimes healing is a state of mind
And wherever there is a human cost
Compassion says: be a light, be kind

We are a broken people, wounded, lost
Sometimes the world grows colder still
A land bewitched, the spell made frost
Compassion says: give goodwill

We are a broken people, wounded, lost
Sometimes scarred with unhealed mark
And where all is battered, storm tossed
Compassion says: reach into the dark

Here is the broken people, crying in pain
Compassion can still break that chain

Friday, 7 February 2020

Victoria College at Bedford: Island News in the Second World War - Part 4










Victoria College at Bedford: Island News in the Second World War

A number of boys had left Jersey in 1940 with the families in the evacuation to the UK. In September 1940, about 40 boys with Mr. Grummitt, Mr. Hopewell and Miss Aubrey were accommodated at Bedford School. Shortly afterwards Mr. Grummitt left on his appointment as Principal of Belfast Royal Academical Institution, and Mr. S. M. Toyne consented to act as Headmaster of 'Victoria College at Bedford. Mr. Toyne had been for 20 years Headmaster of S. Peter's School, York, before coming to Bedford to give part-time help. Victoria College owes a great deal to him for the tremendous work which he did during the next five years.

The Victorians at Bedford took a full part in the activities of their foster-parent school and brought honour to themselves and to Bedford in both work and games, but they never lost their identity as Victorians. As an expression of their gratitude they and other friends of Victoria College presented an Oak Panel, and an oak seat which now stands in the Bedford School playing-fields

As part of their distinct identity as Victorians at Bedford, a newsletter was produced, containing both news gleaned of Victoria College in Jersey, and also of the plight of the Islanders in general.

In the next few weeks, I am posting some extracts from those newsletters:

LIFE NOW IN JERSEY—II


Conditions in Jersey continue to be the one topic beyond all others on which O.V.'s all over the world are clamouring for news. No apology, therefore, is needed for making this headline a feature of the News Letter.

Let me get one thing off my chest at once. I am sorry that, in No. 5, I used the word " fraternising." It seems to have conveyed more to some readers than I meant it to. It would have been less open to objection if I had said that, apparently, the occupying troops and the islanders are going about their daily jobs with an absence of useless and unnecessary friction. The islander is a shrewd and practical person. He knows how to make the best of a bad job ; and I am sure he is giving the Hun no more help than he is absolutely obliged to give. Nobody would dream of questioning his loyalty to the Crown. It is rooted in the centuries.

A young farmer from one of the country parishes has recently escaped and reached this country—the second such getaway. A recent bulletin of the Jersey Society gives the details of his information as follows :

"The weekly ration of meat is 2 1/2-oz., sugar 2oz. The bread ration is 5Ib. weekly for an adult male. Children are allowed one pint of milk a day, adults half a pint. Restaurants serve vegetable dishes. There are no cakes on sale. Fishing is done under licence. New clothing is virtually unobtainable. Fuel ration for each family for one month is 1 cwt. of coal and 2 cwt. of wood. Peat is being dug. The States are paying Service allowances and pensions. There is no beer. Public houses sell French cider. Wireless sets have been taken away from the islanders. The Evening Post consists of one sheet, printed on both sides. The German troops have their own German news-paper. The population is cheerful and confident— proof of an unshaken morale and steadfast loyalty."

On May 5th the German wireless announced that the rations of the Channel Islanders were to be reduced because of the raids of British and American aircraft on the supply steamers. It will probably be some months before we know how far this threat is carried out. One must always remember the stark fact that the islands are completely in their power.

Putting aside for a moment this disquieting announcement, it must be stated that the Red Cross messages, which continue to come through in great numbers, all strike the same note. " All here fine " occurs over and over again. " All fit and well. Robin (2 years) is very sturdy and talking well. Martin (7) started at Prep., which he likes very much." " My father's messages continue to be delightfully cheerful."

Several good plays have been successfully performed at the Opera House. Messages speak of plenty of swimming, tennis and cycling. There is a Footwear Controller : he has enlarged his business premises. Bigwood Ltd. have taken over the S.P.C.K. shop in Waterloo Street. Brasford's jam factory in St. Clement's Road is still making jam.

It had for some months been feared that the islanders had been deprived of their wireless sets. For the first two years of the occupation the radio had been a great comfort to them. and the deprivation must be felt acutely. The sound of Big Ben brought with it a great reassurance. However, they probably know that the day of their deliverance has drawn appreciably nearer.

Probably in the summer of 1941, College was turned out of its buildings and carried on at the Halkett Place Primary Schools. But by the beginning of this year, or earlier, they appear to have returned to College. Mr

Tatam is still Head Master. The big field has been ploughed up and turned into allotments. The centre square had become very thread-bare, and perhaps, taking the long view, this is a blessing in disguise. But games will be sadly handicapped for two or three years after we resume possession.

OUR EXILES IN GERMANY

Here is a list of Victoria College boys and masters, O.V.'s, parents, and some others, now interned in Germany. I have taken them from the lists kindly supplied to me by the C.I. Refugees Committee :

A.—Ilag VII, Laufen, OBB, Germany :

J. A. Blackburn, Roy Challinor, David Fisk, L. G. A. Green, Peter Hook, Mr. W. H. Kennett, Mr. G. Lomax, Harold Passfield (the College Workshop Instructor), Spence, Bennett Wakeham.

B.—Ilag 'Wurzach, Wurtemberg, Germany :

The College Porter and Mrs. Crumpton, Mr. and Mrs. Farbon, Capt. and Mrs. Hilton, Mr. L. H. Honey, Mr. and Mrs. Magnus, Mr. and Mrs. T. C. Maine and their three children, Dr. Oliver, Mr. and Mrs. Rees Williams and their three children.

C.—Ilag, Biberach (Riss), Germany : Mr. and Mrs. Roger Bell, W. E. Challinor, Mr. and Mrs. A. S. L. Dickinson (the States Librarian), Major and Mrs. Crawford Morrison.

D.—Ilag VIII : Harold Poole and Douglas Tanguy. E.—Camp unspecified : Mr. and Mrs. Aste, Rev, and Mrs. C. H. Atyeo, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Fenton and their three children, Mr. and Mrs. Ilesley, Peter and Roger Hulton. The bulk of the deportations, to the num-ber of about 1,920 from both islands, were made in September, 1942. They consisted mainly of people who were not actually Channel Islanders. It was at first feared that they were being carried off to labour or concentration camps, and it was a relief to learn that their destination was Internier Ungslager.

In the following February there was a small supplementary deportation, totalling 137, the result of a comb-out of men who had served in some British force. They included three O.V.'s, Harold Poole, Douglas Tanguy and Bennett Wakeham, who certainly had no military service apart from the O.T.C.

A. H. W



The somewhat meagre official rations are supplemented by Red Cross parcels, which appear to arrive regularly. A good many messages have been received from the different camps. They are written with considerable freedom ; the censorship must be very mild.






The Laufen camp, in the Salzburg district, is in a beautiful mountain country, and evidently the conditions are satisfactory. Mr. Kennett says : " We are now well off for food, thanks to the Red Cross, and for fuel, so life is less burdensome than in Jersey. I am taking many classes, without books or paper. We have a good library now."






The Wurzach Camp, also surrounded by fine mountain scenery, is housed in the Castle of Wurzach. Another College master, Mr. Rees Williams, writes : "'We are all keeping very well, apart from occasional fits of depression. My wife and I are lucky to have plenty to do—inactivity is the bugbear of most. Elizabeth, our third, is a winner, an excellent advertisement for living conditions here." Crumpton and his wife write very cheerfully : Here on holiday. Just back from a three mile walk."






But time, they say, hangs heavily. They had just received a food parcel from their son in Jersey Another message runs : " All Jersey internees at Wurzach send greetings to their relatives and friends. Their health and spirits are excellent, and their hopes high." Other messages speak of weekly shower baths, plenty of warm clothes and blankets, stoves in the rooms, parties at Christmas. One philosopher says : " We are in beautiful country, a holiday we could never in peace-time afford. I am smoking all day long."






The general conclusion is that our exiles interned in Germany are receiving the same sort of decent treatment that is accorded to enemy aliens interned in our own country. Two are P.O.W.'s in Germany, Leslie Minty, taken before Dunkirk, and Lt. Douglas Russell, M.G., taken in the Dieppe Raid. The latter says in reply to a question of mine, that there is plenty doing in the acting line, but not for him, as it is difficult to be convincing with one's wrists chained together. He has now been shackled for over six months. But he doesn't let this callous stupidity get him down. He ends cheerily : " I'll be seeing you soon."






Writing to his brother, not his former Head Master, he refers to the handcuffs in terms " calculated to make even the censor blush." And well he may. He is learning Russian, and is due to take an exam. in Economics this month

Wednesday, 5 February 2020

Trenton and Jersey: A Commonality













“The city of Trenton was very much identified with the abolitionist movement.” 

- “In search of a community's past: the story of the Black community of Trenton, New Jersey, 1860-1900” by Jack Washington.

On 28 January 2020, Simon Crowcroft tweeted that “Today’s signing of a twinning agreement between Trenton and St Helier paves the way for all kinds of fruitful cooperation between the capitals of Jersey and New Jersey.”

There’s a lot been said about the fact that William Trent got rich on the slave trade, and some local criticism of the naming of a square in the Jersey finance centre as "Trenton Square", but leaving William Trent aside,  with regard to Trenton itself, there is a very different story to tell, and one in which Jersey can be proud to be connected to Trenton.

I’ve been reading “In search of a community's past: the story of the Black community of Trenton, New Jersey, 1860-1900” by Jack Washington.

And while the city was divided over slavery, it was also focus for a strong move to abolition. There are many stories told in Washington’s book, but here’s just one.

“A strong advocate for abolition was Elisha Reeves. Reeves, a Quaker whose house still stands on River Road, made his residence a stopping point for runaway slaves on the underground railroad. There slaves were hidden away from slave catchers. His home became so well known that it became one of the major landmarks relating to the Underground Railroad prior to the Civil War. Reeves was the grandfather of Senator A. Crozer Reeves, late president of the Trenton Times Company.”

“Plumly, Middleton, and Reeves were just a few of the many Trentonians who helped make the city a major path for runaway slaves on the Underground Railroad. Even before the railroad was established, free blacks raised funds to aid fugitive slaves. Later, escaped slaves were routed through Trenton from Pennsylvania across New jersey to Staten Island. The railroad's routes included Bordentown, Crosswicks and Allentown to Princeton.”

“At various intervals were stations that harbored runaway slaves not only in the homes of Quakers and Hicksites, but also freed blacks, Wesleyan Methodists and other members of abolition societies. The stations were often identified by letters of the alphabet. Fugitives were kept hidden in cellars, barns and outbuildings.”

“The city of Trenton was very much identified with the abolitionist movement.”

“The city, because of the presence of spies and Southern agents, rarely served as the slaves' final stopping point, however. Because of Trenton's reputation as a temporary refuge for escapees, slave catchers from the South were constantly visiting the city to recapture runaways and return them to Southern masters. As enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 intensified, the threat of being returned to slavery was a constant source of concern to the entire African American community.”

Washington notes that:

“To prevent the return of runaways to their Southern masters, many local residents came together to aid fugitive slaves. According to a published article in the October 19, 1850, issue of the Daily State Gazette: “

“There has been residing in this city for sometime past, a fugitive slave who has married and has around him a family. Some days ago, it was re-ported that a person claiming to be the owner or agent of the owner, had arrived in this city, and was on the lookout for his prey. In consequence of this, the colored people of this city held a meeting, raised funds to send the fugitive and his family to a land where the man-hunter will no longer trouble him.”

“The hysteria caused by slavecatchers aroused tension within the African American community and inspired a measure of sympathy from the white community: We did not know that there is a fugitive slave in Trenton, but if there is, we hope that his friends will immediately take measures to have him sent to a place of safety for we really fear that here is not that place”

And moving onwards, Washington tells of the divided nature of the State by the the Election of 1860

“To be sure, there was a great deal of antislavery sentiment in Trenton. Members of the Republican Party fought to secure a measure of justice. Those who endorsed equality for black people were called Black Republicans—people who could not be trusted to guarantee that African Americans, once freed, would not try to seek revenge against their former masters." 

"Many supporters of the Democratic Party, on the other hand, were very vocal in their support of the South. They believed that the South had the right to govern its own affairs and they viewed abolitionists and anyone sympathetic to the abolitionist cause as people who were not only out to destroy the South but the United States Constitution as well. Their battle cry was ‘The Constitution As Is,’ meaning there should be no amendment to the Constitution that would abolish slavery." 

"Leading the charge against freedom for blacks was the Daily True American, a major Trenton Democratic paper edited by David Naar. Naar's views on African Americans are well documented in his lectures and editorials, and are noted by historian Clement Price in his book Freedom Not Too Far Distant. According to Naar, the African American was to be feared economically and socially since he was 'by nature treacherous . . . worthless and imbecilic.' These comments were widely circulated through the streets of Trenton as a polarized community prepared for an unavoidable Civil War.”

When Civil War came, Trenton was both a place where racial tensions could erupt into violence, but also an opportunity for African-Americans to fight for the cause of freedom for slaves:

“The African Americans of Trenton suffered much from the many New Jersey political leaders who supported the South. (In fact, New Jersey was one of the few northern states that held such a pro-southern view and the only state Lincoln lost both in 1860 and 1864.) Despite the community's best efforts to demonstrate its patriotism during the Civil War, many African Americans found themselves subject to violent assaults.”

But African American soldiers were ultimately permitted to fight. Nationally they distinguished themselves as every bit the equal to their white counterparts. Washington comments:

“Although nearly 2,000 soldiers from Trenton served as volunteers for service with the Army of the Potomac (from an estimated 18,000 persons), the manpower was not enough to meet the needs of the Union forces. President Lincoln issued an order in March 1863 drafting all able-bodied men into service for the Union cause. Lincoln's draft order required full compliance from both the African American and white populations. If one were affluent enough, he might buy his way out of serving for $300 payment to the government, or he might pay some other person to serve in his place. Thousands of whites answered the call throughout the North.”

“Locally, African Americans of Trenton demonstrated their patriotism by answering the draft. Each city was given a quota. John Suydam, James Holmes, Joseph Canada (buried at Princessville Cemetery), George Daily, Amazaiah Bossley, Alfred Seruby, John Tills, Ridley Onquey and Charles Hopkins were among some of the draftees. Draft registration took place at the old Temperance Hall, a popular location for political and social events in Trenton. Many be-came part of Company B of the Eighth Colored Regiment. Those African Americans who proved too old to man the front-lines performed services for the Union cause by working the docks and maintaining much needed public works while the war raged on.”

So Jersey can indeed be proud to be twinning with the capital of a state which not only played a major role in abolitionism and an underground railway, but also where African Americans demonstrated their patriotism by fighting for a better world in which slavery could be abolished.

Reading the above accounts, I am struck by Jersey’s own, much smaller, “underground railroad” of escaped slave workers during the Occupation, of how Jerseymen who had left to England fought in the armed forces, and how Jersey people concealed Jewish families. It was a much smaller scale, but the commonality resonates strongly.

With Liberation 75 preparations under way, I wonder if we could see a small delegation of African Americans of Trenton coming over to share in a joint celebration of the end of repressive regimes.

For more reading on Trenton’s African-American heritage, see
http://www.richardgrubb.com/pdf/In%20the%20News/African_American_History_in_Trenton_2015.pdf
https://www.nj.com/times-opinion/2017/02/trentons_rich_black_history_gl.html
https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2016/02/important_nj_people_and_places_in_black_history.html

and I'd highly recommend the book:

In search of a community's past: the story of the Black community of Trenton, New Jersey, 1860-1900” by Jack Washington.

Tuesday, 4 February 2020

Lawrence Fox: A Comment












I watched Lawrence Fox on question time, and found myself largely in agreement with two of his comments, while differing markedly on one.

The stream of media vilification, mostly in the gutter press, which has been directed at Meghan Markle is not, as far as I can see, racist in nature, but forms part of a broader tabloid culture which as in the past denigrated Princess Diana, and then later Sarah Ferguson (can there be "gingerism"?). 

Now there are probably some matters which may be capable of criticism, especially with Sarah Ferguson, but it is the delight in doing so by the media which has its own particularly cruelty, and reminds me of nothing so much as blood sports. The media take against public figures, but that rarely has to do with race, as can be seen by the kind of criticism. A simple test is to take the adjectives and criticism, often ad hominem, levied at Meghan Merkle and other members of the Royal family, and see, with any naming indications removed, whether Meghan stands out.

Which news report said, for instance:

What was Meghan doing there in the first place if she didn't want to be seen?
What was Diana doing there in the first place if she didn't want to be seen?
What was Sarah doing there in the first place if she didn't want to be seen?

This is the kind of press reporting which has been faced by Meghan. But to which Royal was it actually addressed? It is clearly not a racist remark, but it is the kind of special pleading by the media which is all too common.

In those circumstances, given the media attacks on his wife, Prince Harry's decision to withdraw from public life wrong footed everyone. Now Lawrence Fox thought there was an element of having a cake and eating it, in that the Royal aspects could be used as a brand, but it is clear that the final agreement with the Palace, leading to the loss of the use of the "HRH" significantly seeks to ensure that is not the case.

Indeed the Palace statement pretty well says that Harry and Meghan can belong to one world or the other, but not both. There is an element of disappointment, although also acceptance, in Harry's own statement on the matter. That none of this came up for discussion, either from Lawrence Fox or others, is a tribute to the lack of depth shown by the panel in reading up on the subject. Everyone seemed to have focused on Harry's initial statement, and ignored the final settlement agreed upon.

The other area was the leadership of the Labour party. When asked who he though would be best, Lawrence Fox said "Sir Keir Starmer", on the basis that he would be the one most likely to succeed with Labour against Boris Johnson. He was then quite absurdly accused of sexism because he had not chosen one of the four female candidates. Now if leadership was simply a matter of rolling dice, and if all candidates were considered of equal merit it should be, then it would seem unfair to have chosen a man - but that's not the case. Leadership of the Labour party is not decided by drawing lots.

But where he was I think wrong was in saying that as a white male, with a public school background, who he was had nothing to do with assessing racism in society.

A notable experiment was that of John Howard Griffin (June 16, 1920 – September 9, 1980) who was an American journalist and author from Texas who wrote about racial equality. He is best known for his project to temporarily pass as a black man and journey through the Deep South of 1959 to see life and segregation from the other side of the colour line.

As Wikipedia notes:

"Griffin consulted a New Orleans dermatologist for aid in darkening his skin, being treated with a course of drugs, sunlamp treatments, and skin creams. Griffin shaved his head in order to hide his straight hair. He spent weeks travelling as a black man in New Orleans and parts of Mississippi (with side trips to South Carolina and Georgia), getting around mainly by bus and by hitchhiking. He was later accompanied by a photographer who documented the trip, and the project was underwritten by Sepia magazine, in exchange for first publication rights for the articles he planned to write. These were published under the title Journey into Shame."

"Griffin published an expanded version of his project as Black Like Me (1961), which became a best seller in 1961. He described in detail the problems an African American encountered in the segregated Deep South meeting the needs for food, shelter, and toilet and other sanitary facilities. Griffin also described the hatred he often felt from white Southerners he encountered in his daily life—shop clerks, ticket sellers, bus drivers, and others. He was particularly shocked by the curiosity white men displayed about his sexual life. He also included anecdotes about white Southerners who were friendly and helpful."

The results of this experiment showed that attitude does depend on skin colour, and how we may perceive racism in society depends on where we are. So Lawrence Fox cannot help being white, as he says, but his perception of racism in society will differ markedly from someone who is black.

Nowhere can this be seen better than in the the result of the referendum was to legitimised people's race hatred. The reactions experienced by people with darker or black skin tones showed a rise in hostility, and some second or third generation of immigrants were told "to go home", while those who spoke good English and were white, whatever their nationality, received no racial abuse, even if they had only been living in the UK for a short while.

While this abusive behaviour may still have been a statistical minority of the population, this minority became more vocal post-Brexit. The discussion of control of immigration need not necessarily be racist, and it can have more to do with sustainability and limits to growth, but it can often become conflated with racism, and hijacked, especially with slogans such as "take back control of borders", and the fear of untrammelled immigration fuelled by the Referendum campaign which often fed this xenophobia.

Even the recent Extinction Rebellion protests in London highlighted the fact that black people are often dealt with more severely than middle-class posh white people. The level of racism in society depends on where you fit into that society. As Athian Akec noted:

One friend of mine was stop-and-searched by the police 12 times last year. When I told him that the Extinction Rebellion protesters were purposefully getting themselves arrested, he rolled his eyes in sheer irritation. “That’s not an option for black people,” he said, adding that if he was arrested, the police would undoubtedly treat him differently, and his future career prospects might also be destroyed. The tactic of deliberately seeking arrest has further alienated disenfranchised communities like mine who, across generations, have had bad experiences with the police.

But as an audience member did, just saying you think this or that because you are posh middle-class is an ad hominem argument which only muddles the water. It's what C.S. Lewis called "Bulverism"[See https://uncommondescent.com/culture/c-s-lewis-on-bulverism/].

The idea that someone's opinions can be discounted simply on the grounds that, as an audience member said, they are a "white privileged male" is not an argument, it is just name calling, and needs to be followed up, by, for instance, pointing out, as Beth Johnson did, that "while Fox can’t control what he referred to on Question Time as his 'immutable characteristics', he can, if he’s willing, recognise his significant advantages."

There are certainly limitations to perspective wherever one fits into society, especially where race and white people are concerned, but we can overcome our own limitations - yet only if we are prepared to listen and understand other viewpoints, and I'm not convinced that Lawrence Fox made that clear or did so sufficiently. We must be aware of our own perceived limitations in the first place.

C.S Lewis was well aware of that we have limitations, and he recommended on way was to read old books. What he said is worth pondering.

Every age has its own outlook. It is specially good at seeing certain truths and specially liable to make certain mistakes. We all, therefore, need the books that will correct the characteristic mistakes of our own period. And that means the old books.

All contemporary writers share to some extent the contemporary outlook—even those, like myself, who seem most opposed to it. Nothing strikes me more when I read the controversies of past ages than the fact that both sides were usually assuming without question a good deal which we should now absolutely deny. They thought that they were as completely opposed as two sides could be, but in fact they were all the time secretly united—united with each other and against earlier and later ages—by a great mass of common assumptions."

We may be sure that the characteristic blindness of the twentieth century—the blindness about which posterity will ask, “But how could they have thought that?”—lies where we have never suspected it, and concerns something about which there is untroubled agreement between Hitler and President Roosevelt or between Mr. H. G. Wells and Karl Barth. None of us can fully escape this blindness, but we shall certainly increase it, and weaken our guard against it, if we read only modern books. Where they are true they will give us truths which we half knew already. Where they are false they will aggravate the error with which we are already dangerously ill.

The only palliative is to keep the clean sea breeze of the centuries blowing through our minds, and this can be done only by reading old books. Not, of course, that there is any magic about the past. People were no cleverer then than they are now; they made as many mistakes as we. But not the same mistakes. They will not flatter us in the errors we are already committing; and their own errors, being now open and palpable, will not endanger us. Two heads are better than one, not because either is infallible, but because they are unlikely to go wrong in the same direction. To be sure, the books of the future would be just as good a corrective as the books of the past, but unfortunately we cannot get at them.

Saturday, 1 February 2020

Imbolc: A Poem



















From 27th January 2005 comes this poem on Imbolc.

Ronald Hutton, writing in "The Stations of the Sun", says of Imbolc that the feast, which takes place on 1st February, 

...marking the end of winter and the opening of spring, is cited repeatedly in the early medieval literature under the names Imbolc, Imbolg, or Óimelc; asthe 'b' in the first two is silent and the first syllable in the last is a short 'i', the different words have a very similar pronunciation, as 'imolk' or 'imelk'. 

It was placed in the Roman calendar, adopted by the Irish by the time that written records begin, on 1 February. The festival must be pre-Christian in origin, but there is absolutely no direct testimony as to its early nature, or concerning any rites which might have been employed then. 

There is, in fact, no sign that any of the medieval Irish writers who referred to it preserved a memory of them, and some evidence that they no longer understood the meaning of the name itself. 

Sanas Chormaic, a glossary probably produced around the year 900, suggested that it originally meant 'sheep's milk', a derivation which modern Celticists have pointed out to be linguistically impossible. The latter part of the word, however, certainly has something to do with milking, so that Emer's comment must be near the mark: that this is the time when ewes begin to lactate. 

Eric Hamp has recently suggested, by analogy with other old European languages and customs, that the Old Irish words for milk and milking derived from a lost Indo-European root-erm for 'purification', and that this was the aim of the festival; but this remains a speculation.

Imbolc

This is the wolf-month, savage, bitter
The icy wind brings worst of Winter
February is harsh , cold and drear
Also the dead-month, the time of fear.

But new life springs even in the cold
Ravens build nests, larks singing bold
Lambs are born, new blades of grass
Time of light in dark, of Candlemas.

The Cailleach, old woman of Winter
Ends her rule, even seeming colder
Reborn a young maiden of Spring
Bride comes, birds begin to sing.

Bride with her white wand brings
Breath into Winter, awakenings
Dead Winter opens eyes to tears
Smile and laughter now appears.

The sun rekindles its fire, brighter
Spring, fragile hope of the warmer
Times, green shoots on the bough
New seed with spade and plough.

Plait St Brigid’s cross, gift food
Lay on window sill for plenitude
Place in stables, bless the beasts
St Bridid’s Eve is time for feasts.

Imbolc is here, the Celtic Sabbat
So light candles in every habitat
Celebrate the ever dawning light
Days lengthen, all will be right.